cell wall - a membrane of the cell that forms external to the cell membrane whose main role is to give cells rigidity, strength and protection against mechanical stress centriole - a self-replicating, small, fibrous, cylindrical-shaped organelle, typically located in the cytoplasm near the nucleus in cells of most animals. It is involved in the process of nuclear division chloroplast - chlorophyll-containing plastid found within the cells of plants and other photosynthenteic eukaryotes cytoplasm - the part of the cell between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope. It is the jelly-like substance in a cell that contains the organelles endoplasmic reticulum - a membrane-bounded organelle that occurs as labyrinthine, interconnected flattened sacs or tubules that is connected to the nuclear membrane, runs through the cytoplasm and may well extend into the cell membrane lysosome - organelles containing a large range of digestive enzymes used primarily for digestions and removal of excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria plastid - a double membrane bound organelle involved in the synthesis and storage of food, and is commonly found within the cells of photosynthetic organisms, like plants vesicle - a bubble-like membranous structure that stores and transports cellular products, and digests metabolic wastes within the cell; an intracellular membranous sac that is separated from the cytosol by at least one lipid bi-layer
Microbiology
antibiotic - drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and micro organisms
antibiotic resistance - the ability of a bacteria/micro organisms to resist the effects of the antibiotic to which they were once sensitive
conjugation - temporary connection between two bacterial cells where one cell transfers a part or all of its genome to the other
horizontal gene transfer - movement of genetic material between bacteria
mutation - biological process in which genes are altered resulting in variant genes
plasmids - circular, double-stranded DNA that replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA
Anatomy of Mammals
breathing rate - measurement of the amount of breaths per minute
cilia - tiny hairs that line the inside of the nose cavity, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. Sweeps bacteria, dust and pollen up the respiratory pathway.
expiration - the action of exhaling, breathing out
goblet cells -specialized cells that produce mucous and are found in the walls of the trachea, bronchi and brochioles
inspiration - the action of inhaling, breathing in
lung volume - volume of air that fills the lung
respiration - all processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and the environment
spirometer - an instrument that measures lung volume
Plants in the Natural Environment
adaptation – a change in the structure or function of part of an organism that results from natural selection, allowing the organism to survive and reproduce in its environment fertilizer – is any organic or inorganic material that is added to a soil to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants hardiness – hardiness of plants describes their ability to survive adverse growing conditions humus – organic matter that has reached a point of stability where is will not break down further, it significantly influences the texture of a soil, contributing moisture and nutrient retention macronutrient – nutrients that are required throughout life in large quantities to allow the organism to function physiologically
micronutrient – a nutrient that is required throughout life in small quantities to allow the organism to function physiologically
pH – a numerical measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, measured on a scale of 0 to 14, with 0 being extremely acidic and 14 being extremely basic precipitation – any product of condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity. The main forms include drizzle, mist, rain, sleet, snow, graupel, and hail.
soil fertility – the ability of soil to supply the required nutrients to plants
tropism – an orientation of an organism to an external stimulus, such as light, gravity, touch, etc.
Cellular Biology
cell wall - a membrane of the cell that forms external to the cell membrane whose main role is to give cells rigidity, strength and protection against mechanical stress
centriole - a self-replicating, small, fibrous, cylindrical-shaped organelle, typically located in the cytoplasm near the nucleus in cells of most animals. It is involved in the process of nuclear division
chloroplast - chlorophyll-containing plastid found within the cells of plants and other photosynthenteic eukaryotes
cytoplasm - the part of the cell between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope. It is the jelly-like substance in a cell that contains the organelles
endoplasmic reticulum - a membrane-bounded organelle that occurs as labyrinthine, interconnected flattened sacs or tubules that is connected to the nuclear membrane, runs through the cytoplasm and may well extend into the cell membrane
lysosome - organelles containing a large range of digestive enzymes used primarily for digestions and removal of excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria
plastid - a double membrane bound organelle involved in the synthesis and storage of food, and is commonly found within the cells of photosynthetic organisms, like plants
vesicle - a bubble-like membranous structure that stores and transports cellular products, and digests metabolic wastes within the cell; an intracellular membranous sac that is separated from the cytosol by at least one lipid bi-layer
Microbiology
antibiotic - drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and micro organisms
antibiotic resistance - the ability of a bacteria/micro organisms to resist the effects of the antibiotic to which they were once sensitive
conjugation - temporary connection between two bacterial cells where one cell transfers a part or all of its genome to the other
horizontal gene transfer - movement of genetic material between bacteria
mutation - biological process in which genes are altered resulting in variant genes
plasmids - circular, double-stranded DNA that replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA
Anatomy of Mammals
breathing rate - measurement of the amount of breaths per minute
cilia - tiny hairs that line the inside of the nose cavity, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. Sweeps bacteria, dust and pollen up the respiratory pathway.
expiration - the action of exhaling, breathing out
goblet cells -specialized cells that produce mucous and are found in the walls of the trachea, bronchi and brochioles
inspiration - the action of inhaling, breathing in
lung volume - volume of air that fills the lung
respiration - all processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and the environment
spirometer - an instrument that measures lung volume
Plants in the Natural Environment
adaptation – a change in the structure or function of part of an organism that results from natural selection, allowing the organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
fertilizer – is any organic or inorganic material that is added to a soil to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants
hardiness – hardiness of plants describes their ability to survive adverse growing conditions
humus – organic matter that has reached a point of stability where is will not break down further, it significantly influences the texture of a soil, contributing moisture and nutrient retention
macronutrient – nutrients that are required throughout life in large quantities to allow the organism to function physiologically
micronutrient – a nutrient that is required throughout life in small quantities to allow the organism to function physiologically
pH – a numerical measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, measured on a scale of 0 to 14, with 0 being extremely acidic and 14 being extremely basic
precipitation – any product of condensation of atmospheric water vapour that falls under gravity. The main forms include drizzle, mist, rain, sleet, snow, graupel, and hail.
soil fertility – the ability of soil to supply the required nutrients to plants
tropism – an orientation of an organism to an external stimulus, such as light, gravity, touch, etc.